SCERT Kerala lessons

ORIGINAL STUDY COMPANION PADIKAM CLASS 12 | HUMANITIES Political Science Kerala SCERT / prescribed NCERT core lessons 15 chapter lessons Quick explanations, core points, exam practice and chapter-specific notation in one consistent format. Padikam explanations are independently written. Official textbooks are used as the coverage map, chapter sequence and terminology reference. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 1

Contents 01 The End of Bipolarity 09 Era of One-Party Dominance 02 Contemporary Centres of Power 10 Politics of Planned Development 03 Contemporary South Asia 11 India’s External Relations 04 International Organizations 12 Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System 05 Security in the Contemporary World 13 The Crisis of Democratic Order 06 Environment and Natural Resources 14 Regional Aspirations 07 Globalisation 15 Recent Developments in Indian Politics 08 Challenges of Nation-Building Study rhythm Read the quick explanation, recall the core points aloud, then answer the prompts without looking back. Use the official textbook links for full prescribed readings, activities and diagrams. Textbook and verification links

1. https://www.hsslive.in/2015/05/plus-two-2-new-text-booksscert.html
2. https://samagra.kite.kerala.gov.in/
3. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php
4. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?leps1=0-7
5. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?leps2=0-8 PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 2

CHAPTER 01 The End of Bipolarity Quick understanding The Soviet collapse ended Cold War bipolarity and produced new states, economic transitions and altered partnerships. Core points Check your learning Institutional and economic weaknesses combined Explain the central idea of The End of with political reform. Bipolarity in your own words. Shock therapy produced uneven costs and gains. Apply one idea from The End of Bipolarity to a textbook-style example or Post-Soviet relations cannot be reduced to one source. unchanging pattern. One-line recall Institutional and economic weaknesses combined with political reform. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 3

CHAPTER 02 Contemporary Centres of Power Quick understanding World politics contains several centres of economic and political influence rather than a single uniform hierarchy. Core points Check your learning The European Union combines integration with Explain the central idea of Contemporary national sovereignty. Centres of Power in your own words. ASEAN emphasises regional cooperation and Apply one idea from Contemporary dialogue. Centres of Power to a textbook-style example or source. China rose through reform, trade and state-led transformation. One-line recall The European Union combines integration with national sovereignty. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 4

CHAPTER 03 Contemporary South Asia Quick understanding South Asian politics reflects democratic experiments, conflict, ethnic diversity and regional interdependence. Core points Check your learning Political trajectories differ across neighbouring Explain the central idea of Contemporary states. South Asia in your own words. Borders do not prevent shared economic and Apply one idea from Contemporary environmental problems. South Asia to a textbook-style example or source. SAARC expresses cooperation but bilateral tensions constrain it. One-line recall Political trajectories differ across neighbouring states. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 5

CHAPTER 04 International Organizations Quick understanding International organisations create rules and forums for cooperation but remain shaped by power and representation. Core points Check your learning The United Nations joins security, development and Explain the central idea of International rights roles. Organizations in your own words. Security Council reform debates concern legitimacy Apply one idea from International and effectiveness. Organizations to a textbook-style example or source. Global institutions cannot replace states but influence choices. One-line recall The United Nations joins security, development and rights roles. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 6

CHAPTER 05 Security in the Contemporary World Quick understanding Security includes military protection and non-traditional threats to people, societies and ecosystems. Core points Check your learning Traditional security focuses on sovereignty and Explain the central idea of Security in the armed threats. Contemporary World in your own words. Cooperative security addresses shared risks. Apply one idea from Security in the Contemporary World to a textbook-style Human security includes hunger, disease, example or source. displacement and environmental harm. One-line recall Traditional security focuses on sovereignty and armed threats. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 7

CHAPTER 06 Environment and Natural Resources Quick understanding Environmental politics asks how shared resources, unequal responsibility and development needs can be governed fairly. Core points Check your learning Global commons require cooperation. Explain the central idea of Environment and Natural Resources in your own Indigenous communities often hold distinct resource words. knowledge and rights. Apply one idea from Environment and Climate negotiations turn on equity, capacity and Natural Resources to a textbook-style historical contribution. example or source. One-line recall Global commons require cooperation. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 8

CHAPTER 07 Globalisation Quick understanding Globalisation intensifies cross-border flows of goods, capital, ideas, people and culture with unequal effects. Core points Check your learning Economic, political and cultural dimensions interact. Explain the central idea of Globalisation in your own words. States change roles but do not disappear. Apply one idea from Globalisation to a Resistance may seek fairer globalisation rather than textbook-style example or source. total isolation. One-line recall Economic, political and cultural dimensions interact. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 9

CHAPTER 08 Challenges of Nation-Building Quick understanding Independent India faced partition, integration of princely states and the design of a diverse democratic union. Core points Check your learning Partition produced mass violence and displacement. Explain the central idea of Challenges of Nation-Building in your own words. Integration required negotiation as well as firm action. Apply one idea from Challenges of Nation-Building to a textbook-style Linguistic reorganisation eventually strengthened example or source. federal accommodation. One-line recall Partition produced mass violence and displacement. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 10

CHAPTER 09 Era of One-Party Dominance Quick understanding Congress dominance arose within competitive elections and contained broad social and ideological coalitions. Core points Check your learning Dominance was not the same as a one-party Explain the central idea of Era of One- dictatorship. Party Dominance in your own words. Opposition parties influenced debate despite fewer Apply one idea from Era of One-Party seats. Dominance to a textbook-style example or source. Factional competition often occurred within Congress itself. One-line recall Dominance was not the same as a one-party dictatorship. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 11

CHAPTER 10 Politics of Planned Development Quick understanding Development debates balanced growth, redistribution, state planning, private activity and competing rural interests. Core points Check your learning The mixed economy combined public and private Explain the central idea of Politics of sectors. Planned Development in your own words. Five Year Plans prioritised selected investment goals. Apply one idea from Politics of Planned Development to a textbook-style example Agricultural and industrial choices created both gains or source. and disputes. One-line recall The mixed economy combined public and private sectors. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 12

CHAPTER 11 India’s External Relations Quick understanding Indian foreign policy sought strategic autonomy while responding to decolonisation, great-power rivalry and regional conflict. Core points Check your learning Non-alignment was an active policy, not passive Explain the central idea of India’s neutrality. External Relations in your own words. Relations with China and Pakistan included Apply one idea from India’s External cooperation and conflict. Relations to a textbook-style example or source. Nuclear policy combined security concerns with disarmament arguments. One-line recall Non-alignment was an active policy, not passive neutrality. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 13

CHAPTER 12 Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System Quick understanding The late 1960s transformed party competition, leadership and the social basis of national politics. Core points Check your learning The 1967 election weakened Congress dominance. Explain the central idea of Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System Party split and populist politics reshaped leadership. in your own words. The 1971 result restored power in a changed Apply one idea from Challenges to and system. Restoration of the Congress System to a textbook-style example or source. One-line recall The 1967 election weakened Congress dominance. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 14

CHAPTER 13 The Crisis of Democratic Order Quick understanding The Emergency tested constitutional democracy through concentrated power, curtailed liberties and public resistance. Core points Check your learning Economic and political unrest preceded the Explain the central idea of The Crisis of proclamation. Democratic Order in your own words. Civil liberties and institutional checks were restricted. Apply one idea from The Crisis of Democratic Order to a textbook-style The 1977 election demonstrated democratic example or source. correction through voters. One-line recall Economic and political unrest preceded the proclamation. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 15

CHAPTER 14 Regional Aspirations Quick understanding Regional identity can produce demands for autonomy, statehood or secession, requiring democratic negotiation and federal flexibility. Core points Check your learning Punjab, the Northeast and Kashmir have distinct Explain the central idea of Regional histories. Aspirations in your own words. Accommodation can include accords, elections and Apply one idea from Regional power-sharing. Aspirations to a textbook-style example or source. Treating every regional demand as anti-national hides legitimate grievances. One-line recall Punjab, the Northeast and Kashmir have distinct histories. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 16

CHAPTER 15 Recent Developments in Indian Politics Quick understanding Since 1989, coalition politics, new social alliances, economic reform and changing party competition have reshaped India. Core points Check your learning Coalitions increased the role of regional parties. Explain the central idea of Recent Developments in Indian Politics in your Mandal politics changed representation debates. own words. Ayodhya, reforms and the growth of the BJP altered Apply one idea from Recent national alignments. Developments in Indian Politics to a textbook-style example or source. One-line recall Coalitions increased the role of regional parties. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 17