SCERT Kerala lessons

ORIGINAL STUDY COMPANION PADIKAM CLASS 12 | HUMANITIES Sociology Kerala SCERT / prescribed NCERT core lessons 15 chapter lessons Quick explanations, core points, exam practice and chapter-specific notation in one consistent format. Padikam explanations are independently written. Official textbooks are used as the coverage map, chapter sequence and terminology reference. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 1

Contents 01 Introducing Indian Society 09 Cultural Change 02 Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10 The Story of Indian Democracy 03 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 11 Change and Development in Rural Society 04 The Market as a Social Institution 12 Change and Development in Industrial Society 05 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 13 Globalisation and Social Change 06 Challenges of Cultural Diversity 14 Mass Media and Communications 07 Project Work: Sociological Enquiry 15 Social Movements 08 Structural Change Study rhythm Read the quick explanation, recall the core points aloud, then answer the prompts without looking back. Use the official textbook links for full prescribed readings, activities and diagrams. Textbook and verification links

1. https://www.hsslive.in/2015/05/plus-two-2-new-text-booksscert.html
2. https://samagra.kite.kerala.gov.in/
3. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php
4. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?lesy1=0-7
5. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?lesy2=0-8 PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 2

CHAPTER 01 Introducing Indian Society Quick understanding Indian society can be studied through the intertwined histories of colonialism, nationalism, class, caste and community. Core points Check your learning The familiar must be examined sociologically rather Explain the central idea of Introducing than taken for granted. Indian Society in your own words. Colonial categories changed the society they Apply one idea from Introducing Indian described. Society to a textbook-style example or source. Personal lives are linked with wider institutions. One-line recall The familiar must be examined sociologically rather than taken for granted. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 3

CHAPTER 02 Demographic Structure of Indian Society Quick understanding Demography studies population size, distribution and composition and connects them with social and economic change. Core points Check your learning Birth, death and migration alter population. Explain the central idea of Demographic Structure of Indian Society in your own Age and sex structures shape needs and words. opportunities. Apply one idea from Demographic Census categories are powerful but require careful Structure of Indian Society to a textbook- interpretation. style example or source. Equation and notation Sex ratio = Number of females / Number of males × 1000 Dependency ratio = Dependants / Working-age population × 100 SYMBOLS AND UNITS Population counts: number of persons Ratios: females per 1000 males or percent as stated One-line recall Birth, death and migration alter population. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 4

CHAPTER 03 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change Quick understanding Caste, tribe, family and kinship persist by adapting as well as by reproducing established relations. Core points Check your learning Institutions are patterns of roles and expectations. Explain the central idea of Social Institutions: Continuity and Change in Caste combines hierarchy with changing political and your own words. economic forms. Apply one idea from Social Institutions: Family forms vary across region, class and Continuity and Change to a textbook- community. style example or source. One-line recall Institutions are patterns of roles and expectations. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 5

CHAPTER 04 The Market as a Social Institution Quick understanding Markets are embedded in social relations, state rules, culture and unequal access rather than operating outside society. Core points Check your learning Weekly markets and global markets use different Explain the central idea of The Market as networks. a Social Institution in your own words. Status and trust influence exchange. Apply one idea from The Market as a Social Institution to a textbook-style Liberalisation changes both opportunity and example or source. vulnerability. One-line recall Weekly markets and global markets use different networks. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 6

CHAPTER 05 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion Quick understanding Inequality becomes durable when institutions attach unequal resources and respect to social categories. Core points Check your learning Exclusion can be economic, political and cultural. Explain the central idea of Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion in your Caste, tribe, gender and disability intersect. own words. Social movements and law challenge entrenched Apply one idea from Patterns of Social disadvantage. Inequality and Exclusion to a textbook- style example or source. One-line recall Exclusion can be economic, political and cultural. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 7

CHAPTER 06 Challenges of Cultural Diversity Quick understanding A diverse nation must protect group identities while maintaining rights, peace and democratic belonging. Core points Check your learning Community identity can support dignity or exclusion. Explain the central idea of Challenges of Cultural Diversity in your own words. Communalism politicises religious difference. Apply one idea from Challenges of Civil society and constitutional secularism create Cultural Diversity to a textbook-style spaces for negotiation. example or source. One-line recall Community identity can support dignity or exclusion. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 8

CHAPTER 07 Project Work: Sociological Enquiry Quick understanding A sociology project turns a focused question into ethical evidence, analysis and a transparent conclusion. Core points Check your learning Choose a feasible question and define terms. Explain the central idea of Project Work: Sociological Enquiry in your own words. Use consent and protect privacy. Apply one idea from Project Work: Separate evidence from assumption and cite every Sociological Enquiry to a textbook-style source. example or source. One-line recall Choose a feasible question and define terms. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 9

CHAPTER 08 Structural Change Quick understanding Colonialism, industrialisation and urbanisation reorganised institutions, occupations, settlements and power. Core points Check your learning Structural change alters relationships among Explain the central idea of Structural institutions. Change in your own words. Colonial policies connected India unevenly to world Apply one idea from Structural Change capitalism. to a textbook-style example or source. Urbanisation is social transformation, not only city growth. One-line recall Structural change alters relationships among institutions. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 10

CHAPTER 09 Cultural Change Quick understanding Reform, Sanskritisation, Westernisation, modernisation and secularisation describe different processes of cultural change. Core points Check your learning Concepts are analytical tools, not value rankings. Explain the central idea of Cultural Change in your own words. Reform movements challenged selected practices. Apply one idea from Cultural Change to Cultural change is contested and uneven. a textbook-style example or source. One-line recall Concepts are analytical tools, not value rankings. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 11

CHAPTER 10 The Story of Indian Democracy Quick understanding Indian democracy operates through constitutional institutions and through social struggles that widen participation. Core points Check your learning Universal adult franchise was a transformative Explain the central idea of The Story of commitment. Indian Democracy in your own words. Panchayati Raj extends participation locally. Apply one idea from The Story of Indian Democracy to a textbook-style example Democracy includes substantive equality, not or source. elections alone. One-line recall Universal adult franchise was a transformative commitment. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 12

CHAPTER 11 Change and Development in Rural Society Quick understanding Rural change reflects land relations, caste, technology, markets, migration and state policy. Core points Check your learning Land reform outcomes varied. Explain the central idea of Change and Development in Rural Society in your The Green Revolution changed production and class own words. relations unevenly. Apply one idea from Change and Circular labour connects villages with distant Development in Rural Society to a economies. textbook-style example or source. One-line recall Land reform outcomes varied. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 13

CHAPTER 12 Change and Development in Industrial Society Quick understanding Industrial work is organised through technology, contracts, labour markets, management and collective action. Core points Check your learning Formal and informal work have different security. Explain the central idea of Change and Development in Industrial Society in your Work processes shape skill and control. own words. Unions and strikes are institutions of negotiation and Apply one idea from Change and conflict. Development in Industrial Society to a textbook-style example or source. One-line recall Formal and informal work have different security. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 14

CHAPTER 13 Globalisation and Social Change Quick understanding Globalisation restructures work, consumption, communication and culture through intensified cross- border connections. Core points Check your learning Global flows are unevenly distributed. Explain the central idea of Globalisation and Social Change in your own words. Outsourcing creates opportunity and insecurity. Apply one idea from Globalisation and Local cultures adapt, resist and hybridise global Social Change to a textbook-style forms. example or source. One-line recall Global flows are unevenly distributed. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 15

CHAPTER 14 Mass Media and Communications Quick understanding Mass media shape public knowledge through institutions, technologies, ownership and audience participation. Core points Check your learning Print, broadcast and digital media have different Explain the central idea of Mass Media gatekeeping. and Communications in your own words. Commercial and public-service goals may conflict. Apply one idea from Mass Media and Communications to a textbook-style Digital participation expands voice but also example or source. misinformation. One-line recall Print, broadcast and digital media have different gatekeeping. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 16

CHAPTER 15 Social Movements Quick understanding Social movements organise sustained collective action around rights, identity, resources or social transformation. Core points Check your learning Movements differ from momentary crowds. Explain the central idea of Social Movements in your own words. Class, caste, tribal, women’s and environmental movements use varied strategies. Apply one idea from Social Movements to a textbook-style example or source. Outcomes include policy change, identity formation and public debate. One-line recall Movements differ from momentary crowds. PADIKAM | KERALA CLASS 12 17