Padikam lessons

ORIGINAL STUDY COMPANION PADIKAM CLASS 11 | COMMERCE Accountancy CBSE / NCERT core lessons | Academic year 2026-27 12 chapter lessons Quick explanations, core points, exam practice and chapter-specific notation in one consistent format. Padikam explanations are independently written. Official textbooks are used as the coverage map, chapter sequence and terminology reference. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 1

Contents 01 Introduction to Accounting 07 Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves 02 Theory Base of Accounting 08 Financial Statements I 03 Recording of Transactions I 09 Financial Statements II 04 Recording of Transactions II 10 Accounts from Incomplete Records 05 Bank Reconciliation Statement 11 Applications of Computers in Accounting 06 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors 12 Computerised Accounting System Study rhythm Read the quick explanation, recall the core points aloud, then answer the prompts without looking back. Use the official textbook links for full prescribed readings, activities and diagrams. Textbook and verification links

1. https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain27/SecPart2/Accountancy_SecP2_2026-27.pdf
2. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php
3. https://cbseacademic.nic.in/curriculum_2027.html PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 2

CHAPTER 01 Introduction to Accounting Quick understanding Accounting identifies, measures, records and communicates financial information so users can make informed decisions. Core points Check your learning Separate transactions from non-financial events. Classify ten items under the basic accounting elements. Assets, liabilities, capital, revenue and expenses form the basic vocabulary. Explain how accounting helps an owner, lender and government. Accounting information should be relevant, reliable and comparable. One-line recall Separate transactions from non-financial events. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 3

CHAPTER 02 Theory Base of Accounting Quick understanding Accounting rests on assumptions, principles and conventions that make reports consistent and meaningful. Core points Check your learning Business entity keeps owner and business records Apply matching and prudence to short separate. situations. Going concern and accrual guide recognition across Distinguish cash basis from accrual accounting periods. basis. Standards reduce variation in accounting treatment. One-line recall Business entity keeps owner and business records separate. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 4

CHAPTER 03 Recording of Transactions I Quick understanding Use source documents, vouchers and the accounting equation to record transactions through debit and credit. Core points Check your learning Every transaction has a dual effect. Show the effect of transactions on the accounting equation. Debit and credit depend on account type, not on increase or decrease alone. Prepare journal entries from source information. Journal narration briefly explains the entry. Equation and notation Assets = Capital + Liabilities SYMBOLS AND UNITS Assets: resources controlled by the business Liabilities: present obligations Capital: owner claim One-line recall Every transaction has a dual effect. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 5

CHAPTER 04 Recording of Transactions II Quick understanding Post journal entries to ledger accounts and use special-purpose books for frequent transactions. Core points Check your learning Ledger classification produces an account-wise view. Post entries and balance ledger accounts. Cash book records cash and bank transactions and also serves as a ledger. Prepare cash, purchases and sales books from a transaction list. Subsidiary books reduce repeated journal work. One-line recall Ledger classification produces an account-wise view. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 6

CHAPTER 05 Bank Reconciliation Statement Quick understanding Reconcile the cash-book bank balance with the pass-book balance by identifying timing differences and unrecorded items. Core points Check your learning Cheques issued and deposited may clear later. Prepare a bank reconciliation statement. Bank charges, interest and direct deposits may Correct the cash book before reconciling appear first in the pass book. where necessary. The starting balance determines whether an item is added or subtracted. Watch this Never memorise plus and minus signs without tracing each item from the stated starting balance. One-line recall Cheques issued and deposited may clear later. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 7

CHAPTER 06 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors Quick understanding Test arithmetical agreement of ledger balances and correct errors through suitable entries. Core points Check your learning A balanced trial balance does not prove complete Prepare a trial balance from ledger accuracy. balances. Errors of omission and principle may not affect Rectify one-sided and two-sided errors. agreement. A suspense account is temporary and must be cleared. One-line recall A balanced trial balance does not prove complete accuracy. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 8

CHAPTER 07 Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves Quick understanding Allocate the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life and distinguish expected charges from retained profit. Core points Check your learning Depreciation follows use, time and obsolescence; it Calculate depreciation under both is not a valuation process. methods. Straight-line gives equal annual charge; written-down Record purchase, depreciation and value gives a falling charge. disposal of an asset. Provision is a charge against profit; reserve is an appropriation of profit. Equation and notation Straight-line depreciation = (Cost - Residual value) / Useful life WDV depreciation = Opening book value × Rate / 100 SYMBOLS AND UNITS Cost, residual value and book value: currency amount Useful life: accounting periods, commonly years Rate: percentage per period WDV: written-down value method One-line recall Depreciation follows use, time and obsolescence; it is not a valuation process. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 9

CHAPTER 08 Financial Statements I Quick understanding Prepare trading and profit-and-loss accounts and a balance sheet from a trial balance. Core points Check your learning Gross profit compares sales with cost of goods sold. Prepare financial statements from a simple trial balance. Net profit adjusts gross profit for indirect income and expenses. Trace closing stock through trading account and balance sheet. A balance sheet reports financial position on a date. Equation and notation Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold Capital at end = Opening capital + Profit + Additional capital - Drawings SYMBOLS AND UNITS Sales, cost, profit and capital: currency amounts Net sales: sales after returns Cost of goods sold: cost attributable to goods sold in the period One-line recall Gross profit compares sales with cost of goods sold. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 10

CHAPTER 09 Financial Statements II Quick understanding Apply year-end adjustments so income, expenses, assets and liabilities belong to the correct accounting period. Core points Check your learning Outstanding and prepaid expenses apply accrual Pass adjustment entries and show their and matching. two effects. Accrued and unearned income correct the period of Prepare adjusted financial statements. recognition. Bad debts, provisions and depreciation affect both profit and position. One-line recall Outstanding and prepaid expenses apply accrual and matching. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 11

CHAPTER 10 Accounts from Incomplete Records Quick understanding Estimate profit and reconstruct missing information when records do not follow complete double entry. Core points Check your learning A statement of affairs resembles a balance sheet but Find profit using the statement-of-affairs comes from incomplete records. method. Capital comparison finds profit only after adjusting Reconstruct missing credit sales or drawings and added capital. purchases. Control accounts and cash summaries help reconstruct sales and purchases. Equation and notation Profit = Closing capital + Drawings - Additional capital - Opening capital SYMBOLS AND UNITS Capital, drawings and profit: currency amounts Opening and closing refer to the beginning and end of the accounting period One-line recall A statement of affairs resembles a balance sheet but comes from incomplete records. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 12

CHAPTER 11 Applications of Computers in Accounting Quick understanding Understand how databases, spreadsheets and accounting packages improve recording, processing and reporting. Core points Check your learning Computerised systems increase speed and Compare manual and computerised consistency but depend on correct input. accounting. A database separates structured data from reports Design fields for a customer or inventory and queries. table. Access control, backup and audit trail protect accounting information. One-line recall Computerised systems increase speed and consistency but depend on correct input. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 13

CHAPTER 12 Computerised Accounting System Quick understanding Configure masters and vouchers so software can produce ledgers, trial balance and financial reports. Core points Check your learning Account groups and ledger masters determine Create a chart of accounts for a small classification. firm. Voucher type should match the transaction. Trace a voucher into final reports. Validation and reconciliation remain the accountant's responsibility. One-line recall Account groups and ledger masters determine classification. PADIKAM | CBSE NCERT CLASS 11 14